Introduction to The Scientific Method

 

1. What does a Scientist do when they have a problem to solve?

2. 

Chapter 9/10 Online Exploration

1. Watch the brainpop video: https://www.brainpop.com/science/ecologyandbehavior/foodchains/

a. Play the food chain game: http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/games/foodchaingame.htm
b. Draw one of them and label: producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer 

2. Go to the website and answer the following questions:  http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/foodchain/producersconsumers.htm

a. What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?

b. Give three examples of each: herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore.

c. What are decomposers?  What would the environment look like if we had no decomposers?

3.  Play this game!  https://ecokids.ca/swf-files/gamesPage/chain_reaction.swf

Copy the NORTHERN Food Chain and the FOREST Food Chain into your notebooks and answer the following questions: a. What happens if you take the frog out of the FOREST Food Chain?

                                       b. What happens if you take the fish out of the NORTHERN Food Chain?

4.  http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/foodchain/foodchain.htm

a. Draw a picture of "photosynthesis."

5. http://www.goldridge08.com/1games/foodchain.swf

a. What does a food chain show?

b. What is the purpose of an arrow in the food chain?

c. Green plants are called _________ because they make their own ____.

d. Give three examples of a consumer.

e. If most food chains begin with green plants, where do they get their energy from?

f. What makes the bird both a predator and prey at the same time?

6. http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/class.html

7. http://interactivesites.weebly.com/animal-classification.html

8. https://www.quia.com/jg/514533.html

9. https://ny.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.eco.oceanfoodweb/antarctic-food-web-game/#.Wx76U-4vypo

Taxonomy - the science of classifying organisms

Common Names

spider monkey	sea monkey	sea horse
gray wolf	Firefly	Crayfish
mud puppy	horned toad	Ringworm
black bear	Jellyfish

*Common names can be confusing and names can vary by region.

Why Classify?

About 1.5 million species named
2-100 million species yet to be discovered

Taxonomy =science of classifying organisms
--groups similar organisms together
--assigns each a name

Naming Organisms:
Organisms have common & scientific name -all organisms have only 1 scientific name
-usually Latin or Greek
-developed by Carolus Linnaeus

The scientific name is always italicized or underlined. Genus is capitalized. Species is not. Scientific names can be abbreviated by using the capital letter of the genus and a period: Example.P. leo (lion) Members of the same genus are closely related.  Only members of the same species can interbreed (under natural conditions) Some hybrids do occur under unnatural conditions: Ligers are crosses between tigers and lions.

This two-word naming system is called 

Binomial Nomenclature

-written in italics (or underlined)
-1st word is Capitalized --Genus
-2nd word is lowercase ---species

Examples: Felis concolor, Ursus arctos, Homo sapiens,Panthera leo , Panthera tigris 

Linneaus - devised the current system of classification, which uses the following schema

Kingdom
	Phylum/Division
		Class
			Order
				Family
					Genus
						Species

	Human	Cougar	Tiger	Pintail Duck
Kingdom	Animalia	Animalia	Animalia	Animalia
Phylum/Division	Chordata	Chordata	Chordata	Chordata
Class	Mammalia	Mammalia	Mammalia	Aves
Order	Primate	Carnivora	Carnivora	Anseriformes
Family	Homindae	Felidae	Felidae	Anatidae
Genus	Homo	Felis	Panthera	Anas
Species	sapiens	concolor	tigris	Acuta

18-2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Linnaeus grouped species mainly on visible similarities & differences
• Today, taxonomists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent (phylogeny)
• Evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms can be shown on a cladogram 

Similarities in DNA and RNA

• DNA & RNA is similar across all life forms
• Genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level
• DNA shows evolutionary relationships & helps classify organisms

The Six Kingdoms and Domains

	number of Cells	Energy	cell type	Examples
archaebacteria	Unicellular	some autotrophic, most chemotrophic	Prokaryote	"extremophiles"
Eubacteria	Unicellular	autotrophic and heterotrophic	Prokaryote	bacteria, E. coli
Fungae	most multicellular	Heterotrophic	Eukaryote	mushrooms, yeast
Plantae	Multicellular	Autotrophic	Eukaryote	trees, grass
Animalia	Multicellular	Heterotrophic	Eukaryote	humans, insects, worms
Protista	most unicellular	heterotrophic or autotrophic	Eukaryote	ameba, paramecium, algae

Chart Used in Class

Using Dichotomous Keys

A dichotomous key is a written set of choices that leads to the name of an organism. Scientists use these to identify unknown organisms.

Consider the following animals. They are all related, but each is a separate species. Use the dichotomous key below to determine the species of each.

1.	Has green colored body ......go to 2
	Has purple colored body ..... go to 4
2.	Has 4 legs .....go to 3
	Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis
3.	Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
	Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus
4.	Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis
	Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5
5.	Has ears .........Deerus purplinis
	Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus

Science Article CELLS!

Your Science Article should be handwritten NEATLY or typed and shared with my pconsidine@pershing220.org account.  

 Follow these simple steps to make an A!
1) Summarize the article in 5-7 sentences (i.e. What is the article about?)
2) How does this affect us? (1 sentence min.)
3) Why is this important? (1 sentence min.)
4) How is this science related? (1 sentence min.)
5) Pick a science word and write its definition.  Use a dictionary or www.dictionary.com 
6) Draw a picture!
7) Make sure to include your source.  i.e. Where did you get your information from?  website url, magazine title and date, newspaper title and date

1. The facts about cells

 https://newsela.com/read/lib-facts-cells/id/36376/

2. History of the cell: Discovering the cell

https://newsela.com/read/natgeo-cell-discovery-history/id/50291/

3. All the cells in the human body

https://newsela.com/read/lib-human-cell-types/id/36622/

Chapter 8 Life's Structure and Classification: COMPUTER LAB

A. 

1. What is the Science of Life?
2. How do we know if something is alive?  i.e. What are the seven characteristics of living things?
3. What does excrete mean?  Use it in a sentence.


B.

1. Living things are made up of ______.
2. Are you a unicellular or multicellular organism?
3. What does it mean to reproduce?  What benefits does reproduction have on an individual?
4. How do you obtain energy each day?
5. How would describe homeostasis to a third grader?
6. Genes carry hereditary information on which double-stranded molecule?  What is an example of a trait that your parents have passed onto you?
7. What are four different ways that organisms respond to their environments?
8. What example does the video use to show Growth and Development?

C.
http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cells/

Watch the brainpop video: Cells.  Take the quiz write the short answers in your notebooks.

Chapter 8 - The Study of Living Things and their Interactions in the Environment

Chapter 8 - The Study of Living Things and their Interactions in the Environment

Living things, or organisms, have an incredible amount of diversity.  Unicellular bacteria live in our intestines whereas multicellular blue whales swim in the oceans.  No matter the differences that separate the vast array of organisms, we share some common traits.

1) Living things are organized; the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life is a cell.

The single celled yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae,  is used in baking bread.

Here is a picture of nearly a dozen Saccharomyces cerevisiae clumping together.  Each one of these is an organism.

The largest living reptile today is the saltwater crocodile.  An adult male can grow to the length of 9.0–5.5 m (13–18 ft) long. 

Crocodylus porosus

The saltwater crocodile is a multicellular organism made up of trillions of cells.

In this image, pig cells connect with each other to form tissue in the pig's nose.

Billions of cells working together are the basic unit of organization that gives form to the multicellular pig.

2) Living things grow and develop

Salmon eggs

Full grown adult salmon with eggs

3) Living things respond to a stimulus

4) Living things maintain homeostasis

5) Living things use energy

6) Living things reproduce

All living things need food, water and shelter

1) Living things need food

2) Living things need water

3) Living things need shelter

Thermal Energy and States of Matter Online Exploration

 

A. Introducing solid, liquid and gas

 
1. Everything in the universe fits into 1 of 3 categories: it's either a _____, a ______, or a___.

2. True/False: Solids move about easily.

3. Explain the following statement: Even things that aren't moving, are actually moving.  How is this possible?

4. If you had a super-powerful microscope that could zoom in on the tiny stuff that makes up matter, it would look like millions of little lumps.
Little   : ________
Lumps: ________


B.  Watch the How Stuff Works Videos States of Matter Changes in State

1.     What happens to the molecules of liquid water when it boils?  Have you ever boiled water before?  If so, what for?  How would you describe the energy of the water before boiling and after boiling?

     2.  Explain the difference between boiling and evaporation.  How are boiling and evaporation similar?

    3. What is the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C)?

    4. What is the melting point of rock?  What is the melting point of water?

    5.  What happens to water molecules when they freeze into a solid?  Have you ever witnessed water changing from a liquid to a solid?  How would you describe the energy of the water before and after it froze?

    6.  At the 2:00 mark, estimate the volume of the liquid in the beaker, don’t forget units!

C. Chapter_1__Solid__Liquid__Gas

1. Why is it a good idea to eat a popsicle quickly on a hot summer day?

2. Adding ______ energy to materials causes them to change state.

3. Why is water a good material to illustrate phase changes?  Why not use iron or aluminum?

4. Like all materials, water is made of ________.

5. Describe the movement of water molecules in the liquid state of matter.

6. As the temperature is lowered, the molecules ____ ____ and bond to one another.

7. Compare/contrast the "energy" of the molecules in ice with the "energy" of water molecules in liquid form.

8. Water will stay in solid form, ice, at or below a temperature of __ degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) or __ degrees Celsius (ºC). 

9. Describe the "energy" of molecules as ice melts into liquid form.

10. At a temperature of ___ degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) or ___ degrees Celsius (ºC) the liquid turns into ______, which is the ___ form of water.

11. When water turns to steam, the molecules move even ______.

12. Compare/contrast the "energy" of molecules of a liquid and a gas.

13. Steam will ________ to water and water will ______ to ice.

14. What color is liquid iron?  Infer: What would the melting temperature of iron be?

15. What state of matter is iron at room temperature? 

16. As a candle burns, _____ energy is added, and the solid _____ into a liquid. 
17. No matter what the material is, changing states is about ______ or _______ ____ energy to a substance.
18. Solids _____ to make liquids.
19. Liquids ____ to make gases.

Science Articles

Science Articles  

Read a science based article.  Learn how Science is happening in our daily lives and how it relates to you. I will supply you with a variety of links on the internet.   
It should be typed out on Docs and uploaded to your Google Classroom account.  

 Follow these simple steps to make an A!
1) Summarize the article in 5-7 sentences (i.e. What is the article about?)
2) How does this affect us? (1 sentence min.)
3) Why is this important? (1 sentence min.)
4) How is this science related? (1 sentence min.)
5) Pick a science word and write its definition.  Use a dictionary or www.dictionary.com
6) Draw a picture, sketch an image in your notebooks, create one online or use an image from the internet that shows your understanding of the vocabulary term.

7) Make sure to include your source.  i.e. Where did you get your information from?  Please copy/paste the website url under your image.

This week's source comes from Newsela.

Understanding how energy transfers

	4	3	2	1	0	Total Points
Heading, Neatness, Overall Organization	The loose leaf is neat, the heading is legible, the work is organized	There is some disorganization.		Parts of the heading are missing.	There is no heading.  The loose leaf is torn.  It is disorganized.
Summary explaining the main idea	There are at least five sentences in the summary paragraph	There are only four sentences in the summary paragraph	There are only three sentences in the summary paragraph	There are only one to two sentences in the summary paragraph.	There is no summary.
1)How is it science related? 2) Why is this important? 3) How does this affect us?	All of the Science questions have been answered.	Two of the three Science questions have been answered.	One of the Science questions has been answered.	The questions have not been answered properly, they have been copied, etc.	None of the Science questions has been answered.
Science word dictionary definition	There is a Science word from the article that has a proper dictionary definition.				There is no definition, it has been made up, the word is not from the article, etc.
Science illustration	There is a student constructed Science illustration with color.	There is a student constructed Science illustration with no color.	There is a printed out Science illustration.	Minimal effort has been put into the Science illustration.	There is NO Science illustration.